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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Normalteiler</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p><b>Normalteiler</b> sind im <a href="Teilgebiet_der_Mathematik" class="mw-redirect" title="Teilgebiet der Mathematik">mathematischen Teilgebiet</a> der <a href="Gruppentheorie" title="Gruppentheorie">Gruppentheorie</a> betrachtete spezielle <a href="Untergruppe" title="Untergruppe">Untergruppen</a>, sie heißen auch <b>normale Untergruppen.</b>
</p><p>Ihre Bedeutung liegt vor allem darin, dass sie genau die <a href="Kern_(Algebra)" title="Kern (Algebra)">Kerne</a> von <a href="Gruppenhomomorphismus" title="Gruppenhomomorphismus">Gruppenhomomorphismen</a> sind. Diese <a href="Funktion_(Mathematik)" title="Funktion (Mathematik)">Abbildungen</a> zwischen Gruppen ermöglichen es, einzelne Aspekte der Struktur einer Gruppe zu isolieren, um sie an der <a href="Bild_(Mathematik)" title="Bild (Mathematik)">Bildgruppe</a> in Reinform leichter studieren zu können.
</p><p>Die Bezeichnung „…teiler“ bezieht sich darauf, dass sich aus einer Gruppe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span> und jedem ihrer Normalteiler <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span> eine <a href="Faktorgruppe" title="Faktorgruppe">Faktorgruppe</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G/N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G/N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ab52bff253c690c4e0d473400ab8c365ea019298.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.053ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G/N}" loading="lazy"></span> bilden lässt. Diese Faktorgruppen sind <a href="Homomorphismus" title="Homomorphismus">homomorphe</a> Bilder von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span>, und jedes homomorphe Bild von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span> ist zu einer solchen Faktorgruppe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G/N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G/N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ab52bff253c690c4e0d473400ab8c365ea019298.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.053ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G/N}" loading="lazy"></span> <a href="Gruppenisomorphismus" title="Gruppenisomorphismus">isomorph</a>.
</p><p>Der französische Mathematiker <a href="%C3%89variste_Galois" title="Évariste Galois">Évariste Galois</a> erkannte im 19. Jahrhundert als erster die Wichtigkeit des Konzeptes „Normalteiler“ für die Untersuchung <a href="Gruppe_(Mathematik)#Abelsche_Gruppe" title="Gruppe (Mathematik)">nicht-kommutativer Gruppen</a>. In seiner Theorie zur Lösung algebraischer Gleichungen, der so genannten <a href="Galoistheorie" title="Galoistheorie">Galoistheorie</a>, ist die Existenz von Normalteilern einer Gruppe von <a href="Permutation" title="Permutation">Permutationen</a> (<a href="Galoisgruppe" title="Galoisgruppe">Galoisgruppe</a>) entscheidend für die Lösbarkeit der Gleichung durch <a href="Wurzel_(Mathematik)" title="Wurzel (Mathematik)">Radikale</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Satz_und_Definition">Satz und Definition</h2></div>
<p>Es sei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span> eine Untergruppe der Gruppe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span>.
Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d3556280e66fe2c0d0140df20935a6f057381d77.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.116ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g}" loading="lazy"></span> ein beliebiges Element von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span>, dann wird die Teilmenge
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle gN:=\{gn\mid n\in N\}\subseteq G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>∣<!-- ∣ --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mo>⊆<!-- ⊆ --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle gN:=\{gn\mid n\in N\}\subseteq G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b5c64fa98e4988ebd93d0c04ea7ffd4831377a3a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:24.922ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle gN:=\{gn\mid n\in N\}\subseteq G}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>als <i>linke <a href="Nebenklasse_(Mathematik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebenklasse (Mathematik)">Nebenklasse</a></i> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle gN}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle gN}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cd554e0bd9bf40da2dac81a62a5c954d56d3aa74.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.18ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle gN}" loading="lazy"></span> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span> nach dem Element <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d3556280e66fe2c0d0140df20935a6f057381d77.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.116ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g}" loading="lazy"></span> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnet.
Genauso erklärt man die <i>rechte Nebenklasse</i> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span> nach dem Element <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d3556280e66fe2c0d0140df20935a6f057381d77.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.116ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g}" loading="lazy"></span> als
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Ng:=\{ng\mid n\in N\}\subseteq G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>∣<!-- ∣ --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mo>⊆<!-- ⊆ --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Ng:=\{ng\mid n\in N\}\subseteq G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/98dbb4053ad3d7c46dbda5856b8daa37b1bfe1ff.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:24.922ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Ng:=\{ng\mid n\in N\}\subseteq G}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Für eine Untergruppe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N\subseteq G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>⊆<!-- ⊆ --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N\subseteq G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5c12e030d33276e1d02aa90d6a9656364e0365d0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:6.989ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N\subseteq G}" loading="lazy"></span> sind folgende acht Aussagen paarweise äquivalent:
</p>
<ol><li>Für jedes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g\in G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g\in G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b1be73903416a0dd94b8cbc2268ce480810c0e62.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.783ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g\in G}" loading="lazy"></span> gilt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle gNg^{-1}=N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
<mi>N</mi>
<msup>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle gNg^{-1}=N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d6c32385675201663960d6ad565bd3ded490a44a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.793ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle gNg^{-1}=N}" loading="lazy"></span>. (Man sagt auch: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span> ist <i>invariant</i> unter der <a href="Konjugation_(Gruppentheorie)" title="Konjugation (Gruppentheorie)">Konjugation</a> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d3556280e66fe2c0d0140df20935a6f057381d77.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.116ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g}" loading="lazy"></span>.)</li>
<li>Für jedes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g\in G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g\in G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b1be73903416a0dd94b8cbc2268ce480810c0e62.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.783ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g\in G}" loading="lazy"></span> und jedes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n\in N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n\in N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/aedc99ee9cd35f9c34b0f743f8c26b34359ca2fe.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.299ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n\in N}" loading="lazy"></span> gilt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle gng^{-1}\in N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
<msup>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle gng^{-1}\in N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/123deda5aa6a2a84c56bdde85aef2913ce9cfb2f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.866ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle gng^{-1}\in N}" loading="lazy"></span>, das heißt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \forall g\in G\colon gNg^{-1}\subseteq N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∀<!-- ∀ --></mi>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mi>N</mi>
<msup>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⊆<!-- ⊆ --></mo>
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \forall g\in G\colon gNg^{-1}\subseteq N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c85f3b266878fec712d39d90a3434d67457bc883.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:19.903ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \forall g\in G\colon gNg^{-1}\subseteq N}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li>
<li>Für jedes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g\in G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g\in G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b1be73903416a0dd94b8cbc2268ce480810c0e62.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.783ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g\in G}" loading="lazy"></span> stimmt die linke mit der rechten Nebenklasse von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span> überein: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \forall g\in G\colon gN=Ng}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∀<!-- ∀ --></mi>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<mi>g</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \forall g\in G\colon gN=Ng}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/005eb43337a3378f29a2322c09cd9e46a9e26281.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:17.568ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \forall g\in G\colon gN=Ng}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li>
<li>Jede Linksnebenklasse ist auch Rechtsnebenklasse.<sup id="cite_ref-nichtLeererDurchschnitt_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nichtLeererDurchschnitt-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Jede Rechtsnebenklasse ist auch Linksnebenklasse.<sup id="cite_ref-nichtLeererDurchschnitt_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nichtLeererDurchschnitt-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Es gilt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G/N=N\backslash G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">∖<!-- ∖ --></mi>
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G/N=N\backslash G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/162111b34f8f475dd0bfc6e84478fe5015e05709.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.204ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G/N=N\backslash G}" loading="lazy"></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span> ist eine Vereinigung von <a href="Konjugationsklasse" class="mw-redirect" title="Konjugationsklasse">Konjugationsklassen</a> der Gruppe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li>
<li>Es existiert ein <a href="Gruppenhomomorphismus" title="Gruppenhomomorphismus">Gruppenhomomorphismus</a> aus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span>, dessen <a href="Kern_(Algebra)" title="Kern (Algebra)">Kern</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span> ist.</li></ol>
<p>Erfüllt eine Untergruppe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span> eine und damit jede der oben genannten Eigenschaften, so nennt man die Untergruppe <i>normal</i> oder einen <i>Normalteiler,</i> die Begriffe <i>Normalteiler</i> und <i>normale Untergruppe</i> sind gleichbedeutend.
Die Notation <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N\vartriangleleft G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>⊲<!-- ⊲ --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N\vartriangleleft G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2f2a05dace7f885a04cde60373e1628a00857e52.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.989ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N\vartriangleleft G}" loading="lazy"></span> bedeutet „<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span> ist Normalteiler von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span>“. Manche Autoren verwenden dafür auch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N\trianglelefteq G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>⊴<!-- ⊴ --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N\trianglelefteq G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/10ae94a89329111d27737c0fc57792343a602bfd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:6.989ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N\trianglelefteq G}" loading="lazy"></span> und reservieren die Bezeichnung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N\vartriangleleft G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>⊲<!-- ⊲ --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N\vartriangleleft G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2f2a05dace7f885a04cde60373e1628a00857e52.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.989ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N\vartriangleleft G}" loading="lazy"></span> für den Fall, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N\not =G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>≠</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N\not =G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a078387453863218ed68cfc2d71461ce4601ce0b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.989ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N\not =G}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beispiele">Beispiele</h2></div>
<ul><li>Jede Untergruppe einer <a href="Abelsche_Gruppe" title="Abelsche Gruppe">abelschen Gruppe</a> ist Normalteiler der Gruppe und viele Aussagen über Normalteiler sind für abelsche Gruppen trivial.</li></ul>
<ul><li>Jede Gruppe besitzt die sogenannten trivialen Normalteiler, nämlich die volle Gruppe selbst und die nur aus dem <a href="Neutrales_Element" title="Neutrales Element">neutralen Element</a> bestehende Eins-Untergruppe. Alle anderen Normalteiler heißen nicht-trivial. Es gibt Gruppen, die keine nicht-trivialen Normalteiler besitzen, diese heißen <a href="Einfache_Gruppe_(Mathematik)" title="Einfache Gruppe (Mathematik)">einfach</a>. Beispiele sind die <a href="Zyklische_Gruppe" title="Zyklische Gruppe">zyklischen Gruppen</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} _{p}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} _{p}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dbc1df7227ef11fe88dccd2dae3adc7bbdeae5f4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.609ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} _{p}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit einer <a href="Primzahl" title="Primzahl">Primzahl</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}" loading="lazy"></span> oder als kleinstes nicht-kommutatives Beispiel die <a href="A5_(Gruppe)" title="A5 (Gruppe)">alternierende Gruppe A<sub>5</sub></a>. Siehe „<a href="Endliche_einfache_Gruppe" title="Endliche einfache Gruppe">Endliche einfache Gruppe</a>“ für weitere Beispiele.</li></ul>
<ul><li>Das <a href="Zentrum_(Algebra)" title="Zentrum (Algebra)">Zentrum</a> und die <a href="Kommutatorgruppe" title="Kommutatorgruppe">Kommutatorgruppe</a> einer Gruppe sind stets Normalteiler.</li></ul>
<ul><li>In der <a href="S3_(Gruppe)" title="S3 (Gruppe)">symmetrischen Gruppe S<sub>3</sub></a><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle =\left\{e,d,d^{2},s_{1},s_{2},s_{3}\right\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>{</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msup>
<mi>d</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>s</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>s</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>s</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>}</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle =\left\{e,d,d^{2},s_{1},s_{2},s_{3}\right\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c89ccfdd9a26b83b2e473cd1ef9a30ac011560eb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:21.339ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle =\left\{e,d,d^{2},s_{1},s_{2},s_{3}\right\}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist die dreielementige Untergruppe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N=\{e,d,d^{2}\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msup>
<mi>d</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N=\{e,d,d^{2}\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/22889acd08b3a8e3c3be50e7982bbd71d450b920.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.127ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N=\{e,d,d^{2}\}}" loading="lazy"></span> ein Normalteiler. Die drei zweielementigen Untergruppen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \{e,s_{i}\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>s</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \{e,s_{i}\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/78afa3c89f56c0c6b53f2bc5fcd14558f239242c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.332ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \{e,s_{i}\}}" loading="lazy"></span> sind keine Normalteiler.</li></ul>
<ul><li>In einer <a href="Topologische_Gruppe" title="Topologische Gruppe">topologischen Gruppe</a> ist die <a href="Zusammenh%C3%A4ngender_Raum" title="Zusammenhängender Raum">Zusammenhangskomponente</a> des neutralen Elementes ein <a href="Abgeschlossene_Menge" title="Abgeschlossene Menge">abgeschlossener</a> Normalteiler.</li></ul>
<ul><li>Die Gruppe der <a href="Innerer_Automorphismus" class="mw-redirect" title="Innerer Automorphismus">inneren Automorphismen</a> einer Gruppe ist stets ein Normalteiler in der vollen <a href="Automorphismengruppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Automorphismengruppe">Automorphismengruppe</a>.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bemerkungen">Bemerkungen</h2></div>
<p>Die Normalteilerrelation ist nicht <a href="Transitive_Relation" title="Transitive Relation">transitiv</a>, das heißt, aus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A\vartriangleleft B}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>⊲<!-- ⊲ --></mo>
<mi>B</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A\vartriangleleft B}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/81cf1ceb3e2773fe481efb5ed81dddb9b033d973.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.606ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A\vartriangleleft B}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B\vartriangleleft C}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>B</mi>
<mo>⊲<!-- ⊲ --></mo>
<mi>C</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B\vartriangleleft C}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6600d1b079617988e0eea8ebaa9fa92d259a2274.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.629ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B\vartriangleleft C}" loading="lazy"></span> folgt im Allgemeinen nicht <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A\vartriangleleft C}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>⊲<!-- ⊲ --></mo>
<mi>C</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A\vartriangleleft C}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0db5808ccc20433603e6dcf20450326325ad0f66.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.608ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A\vartriangleleft C}" loading="lazy"></span>. Ein Beispiel für diese Tatsache ist die <a href="A4_(Gruppe)" title="A4 (Gruppe)">alternierende Gruppe A<sub>4</sub></a>, die einen zur <a href="Kleinsche_Vierergruppe" title="Kleinsche Vierergruppe">kleinschen Vierergruppe</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> isomorphen Normalteiler hat. Jede darin enthaltene zweielementige Untergruppe ist Normalteiler in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span>, nicht aber in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A_{4}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A_{4}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8e3eaac426165e199a4a745aa46bb8028fed100d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.797ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A_{4}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Eine Untergruppe ist genau dann Normalteiler in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span>, wenn ihr <a href="Normalisator" title="Normalisator">Normalisator</a> ganz <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span> ist. Eine Untergruppe ist immer Normalteiler in ihrem Normalisator.
</p><p>Alle <a href="Charakteristische_Untergruppe" title="Charakteristische Untergruppe">charakteristischen Untergruppen</a> einer Gruppe sind Normalteiler der Gruppe, weil die <a href="Konjugation_(Gruppentheorie)" title="Konjugation (Gruppentheorie)">Konjugation</a> von Gruppenelementen ein <a href="Automorphismus" title="Automorphismus">Automorphismus</a> ist. Die Umkehrung trifft im Allgemeinen nicht zu, so sind zum Beispiel die zweielementigen Untergruppen der kleinschen Vierergruppe normal, aber nicht charakteristisch.
</p><p><a href="Urbild_(Mathematik)" title="Urbild (Mathematik)">Urbilder</a> eines Normalteilers unter einem Gruppenhomomorphismus sind wieder Normalteiler. Bilder von Normalteilern sind im Allgemeinen nicht normal, wie etwa die <a href="Inklusionsabbildung" title="Inklusionsabbildung">Inklusionsabbildung</a> einer Untergruppe, die nicht Normalteiler ist, zeigt. Die Bilder eines Normalteilers unter surjektiven Gruppenhomomorphismen sind aber wieder Normalteiler.
</p><p>Eine Untergruppe von <a href="Index_(Gruppentheorie)" title="Index (Gruppentheorie)">Index</a> 2 ist immer ein Normalteiler.
</p><p>Ist die Gruppe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span> endlich, gilt: Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>U</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/458a728f53b9a0274f059cd695e067c430956025.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.783ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U}" loading="lazy"></span> eine Untergruppe und ist der Index von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>U</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/458a728f53b9a0274f059cd695e067c430956025.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.783ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U}" loading="lazy"></span> gleich der kleinsten Primzahl, welche die <a href="Gruppentheorie#Ordnung_einer_Gruppe" title="Gruppentheorie">Ordnung</a> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span> teilt, so ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>U</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/458a728f53b9a0274f059cd695e067c430956025.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.783ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U}" loading="lazy"></span> ein Normalteiler.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Normalteiler,_Gruppenhomomorphismen_und_Faktorgruppe"><span id="Normalteiler.2C_Gruppenhomomorphismen_und_Faktorgruppe"></span>Normalteiler, Gruppenhomomorphismen und Faktorgruppe</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Faktorgruppe">Faktorgruppe</h3></div>
<p>Die <a href="Gruppentheorie#Nebenklassen" title="Gruppentheorie">Nebenklassen</a> eines Normalteilers <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span> bilden mit dem <a href="Komplexprodukt" title="Komplexprodukt">Komplexprodukt</a> eine Gruppe, die die <a href="Faktorgruppe" title="Faktorgruppe">Faktorgruppe</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G/N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G/N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ab52bff253c690c4e0d473400ab8c365ea019298.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.053ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G/N}" loading="lazy"></span> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span> nach <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span> heißt.
</p><p>Die Faktorgruppe besteht also aus den Nebenklassen von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span>, das heißt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G/N=\{g\cdot N\mid g\in G\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>∣<!-- ∣ --></mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G/N=\{g\cdot N\mid g\in G\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d2e3478bc0b92a909a412b8639903bf5450bb80a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:23.055ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G/N=\{g\cdot N\mid g\in G\}}" loading="lazy"></span>, und das Produkt zweier Nebenklassen ist als Komplexprodukt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (gN)\cdot (hN)=\{x\cdot y\mid x\in gN,y\in hN\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>h</mi>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>∣<!-- ∣ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>h</mi>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (gN)\cdot (hN)=\{x\cdot y\mid x\in gN,y\in hN\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e844560f3ce5d228847acf5600eb4611d1c5448c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:39.187ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (gN)\cdot (hN)=\{x\cdot y\mid x\in gN,y\in hN\}}" loading="lazy"></span> definiert. Für einen Normalteiler <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span> und beliebige Elemente <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g,\,h}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>h</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g,\,h}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a917e44597c0b66c7f0c3615f7298c9ec84e70c1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.876ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g,\,h}" loading="lazy"></span> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span> ist nämlich das Komplexprodukt zweier Nebenklassen wieder eine Nebenklasse, und zwar
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (gN)\cdot (hN)=(gh)N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>h</mi>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (gN)\cdot (hN)=(gh)N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6280220dc271b44dc459fda7c2c2c00590baafd4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:21.306ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (gN)\cdot (hN)=(gh)N}" loading="lazy"></span>.
Dies folgt aus der Gleichheit von Rechts- und Linksnebenklassen (s. o.):
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle gN\cdot hN=g(Nh)N=g(hN)N=(gh)(NN)=(gh)N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>h</mi>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>h</mi>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle gN\cdot hN=g(Nh)N=g(hN)N=(gh)(NN)=(gh)N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2c8cbf698c779c694c1c1af446c450cc19f77241.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:53.967ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle gN\cdot hN=g(Nh)N=g(hN)N=(gh)(NN)=(gh)N}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Für eine Untergruppe, die kein Normalteiler ist, ist das Komplexprodukt zweier Links- (oder Rechts-) Nebenklassen im Allgemeinen keine Links- bzw. Rechtsnebenklasse.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kanonischer_Homomorphismus">Kanonischer Homomorphismus</h3></div>
<p>Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N\trianglelefteq G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>⊴<!-- ⊴ --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N\trianglelefteq G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/10ae94a89329111d27737c0fc57792343a602bfd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:6.989ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N\trianglelefteq G}" loading="lazy"></span> ein Normalteiler, so ist die Abbildung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \pi \colon G\to G/N,\quad g\mapsto g\cdot N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">↦<!-- ↦ --></mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \pi \colon G\to G/N,\quad g\mapsto g\cdot N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2a9ebec9b6b164a2a8b79482694759539ebb4788.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:25.805ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \pi \colon G\to G/N,\quad g\mapsto g\cdot N}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>die jedes Gruppenelement <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g\in G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g\in G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b1be73903416a0dd94b8cbc2268ce480810c0e62.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.783ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g\in G}" loading="lazy"></span> auf die Nebenklasse <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle gN}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle gN}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cd554e0bd9bf40da2dac81a62a5c954d56d3aa74.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.18ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle gN}" loading="lazy"></span> abbildet, ein Gruppenhomomorphismus von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span> in die Faktorgruppe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G/N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G/N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ab52bff253c690c4e0d473400ab8c365ea019298.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.053ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G/N}" loading="lazy"></span>. Der Homomorphismus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9be4ba0bb8df3af72e90a0535fabcc17431e540a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.332ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \pi }" loading="lazy"></span> ist <a href="Surjektivit%C3%A4t" class="mw-redirect" title="Surjektivität">surjektiv</a> und der <a href="Kern_(Algebra)" title="Kern (Algebra)">Kern</a> ist gerade <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span>. Man nennt diesen Gruppenhomomorphismus den <i>kanonischen Homomorphismus</i> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G\to G/N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G\to G/N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c203e099a7f440cb370e1f0714c364473178a17c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.494ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G\to G/N}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kerne_als_Normalteiler">Kerne als Normalteiler</h3></div>
<p>Der Kern <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {ker} (\varphi )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ker</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {ker} (\varphi )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6e15f08f27fb292da5d3b8586212ec9583337d26.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.501ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {ker} (\varphi )}" loading="lazy"></span> eines beliebigen Gruppenhomomorphismus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/33ee699558d09cf9d653f6351f9fda0b2f4aaa3e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.52ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi }" loading="lazy"></span> ist stets ein Normalteiler der abgebildeten Gruppe.
Zur Verdeutlichung der Definitionen wird der Beweis hier ausgeführt. Sei
</p>
<table>
<tbody><tr>
<td style="width: 24em;">
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi \colon G\to H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi \colon G\to H}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/57191121455dbc098f9156b9c02304db79dfcefb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.058ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi \colon G\to H}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
</td>
<td>ein Gruppenhomomorphismus und
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {ker} (\varphi ):=\{n\in G\mid \varphi (n)=e_{H}\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ker</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>∣<!-- ∣ --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {ker} (\varphi ):=\{n\in G\mid \varphi (n)=e_{H}\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7d72b53c60bfe095ae61892b601b792c066cef30.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:31.168ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {ker} (\varphi ):=\{n\in G\mid \varphi (n)=e_{H}\}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
</td>
<td>dessen Kern (mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e_{H}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e_{H}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b452e01a40b89744db265db3976d8f3d47b41d9a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.775ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e_{H}}" loading="lazy"></span> als dem neutralen Element von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/75a9edddcca2f782014371f75dca39d7e13a9c1b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H}" loading="lazy"></span>).
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Dann ist für alle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g\in G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g\in G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b1be73903416a0dd94b8cbc2268ce480810c0e62.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.783ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g\in G}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n\in \operatorname {ker} (\varphi )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>ker</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n\in \operatorname {ker} (\varphi )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c26d279e1db9ea84cb5acb15718e24c86484df71.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.736ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n\in \operatorname {ker} (\varphi )}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi (g\,n\,g^{-1})=\varphi (g)\;\varphi (n)\;\varphi (g^{-1})=\varphi (g)\,e_{H}\,\varphi (g^{-1})=\varphi (g)\,\varphi (g^{-1})=\varphi (g\;g^{-1})=\varphi (e_{G})=e_{H},}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>n</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>G</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi (g\,n\,g^{-1})=\varphi (g)\;\varphi (n)\;\varphi (g^{-1})=\varphi (g)\,e_{H}\,\varphi (g^{-1})=\varphi (g)\,\varphi (g^{-1})=\varphi (g\;g^{-1})=\varphi (e_{G})=e_{H},}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/204fd501a5b1ce432698b7d21c8e53d53af676b5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:90.185ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi (g\,n\,g^{-1})=\varphi (g)\;\varphi (n)\;\varphi (g^{-1})=\varphi (g)\,e_{H}\,\varphi (g^{-1})=\varphi (g)\,\varphi (g^{-1})=\varphi (g\;g^{-1})=\varphi (e_{G})=e_{H},}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>also <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g\,n\,g^{-1}\in \operatorname {ker} (\varphi )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>n</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>ker</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g\,n\,g^{-1}\in \operatorname {ker} (\varphi )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/406bfcfea5dc88fb4262b61aae5b498e88570e5f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.077ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g\,n\,g^{-1}\in \operatorname {ker} (\varphi )}" loading="lazy"></span> und damit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {ker} (\varphi )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ker</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {ker} (\varphi )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6e15f08f27fb292da5d3b8586212ec9583337d26.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.501ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {ker} (\varphi )}" loading="lazy"></span> ein Normalteiler in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span> nach Definition 2.
</p><p>Zusammen mit den Überlegungen zum kanonischen Homomorphismus zeigen diese Überlegungen, dass die Normalteiler genau die Kerne von Gruppenhomomorphismen sind. Bei einer Gruppe entsprechen also <a href="Kongruenzrelation" title="Kongruenzrelation">Kongruenzrelationen</a> genau den Normalteilern.
Zu diesem Themenkreis siehe auch <i>„<a href="Homomorphiesatz" title="Homomorphiesatz">Homomorphiesatz</a>“.</i>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Normalteiler-_und_Untergruppenverband">Normalteiler- und Untergruppenverband</h2></div>
<p>Die Normalteiler einer Gruppe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span> bilden ein <a href="Mengensystem" title="Mengensystem">Mengensystem</a>, das sogar ein <a href="H%C3%BCllensystem" class="mw-redirect" title="Hüllensystem">Hüllensystem</a> ist. Dieses Hüllensystem ist ein <a href="Vollst%C3%A4ndiger_Verband" class="mw-redirect" title="Vollständiger Verband">vollständiger Verband</a>, der <i>Normalteilerverband.</i> Hier bedeutet dies konkret:
</p>
<ol><li>Die Schnittmenge von Normalteilern von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span> ist ein Normalteiler,</li>
<li>Zu jeder Teilmenge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}" loading="lazy"></span> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span> existiert ein eindeutig bestimmter kleinster Normalteiler <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {N}}(T)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">N</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {N}}(T)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d6b3231d5765cabc434563f66ae654b06eda1cd1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-left: -0.062ex; width:5.782ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {N}}(T)}" loading="lazy"></span>, der diese Menge enthält (Diese Operation <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {N}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">N</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {N}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b7551c7bed2cd2ee83e10536d157c94a5f8f72fd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; margin-left: -0.062ex; width:2.337ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {N}}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist hier die Hüllenoperation). Spezialfälle: Der <a href="Triviale_Gruppe" title="Triviale Gruppe">triviale Normalteiler</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \{e\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \{e\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c7bbebcc2faab93e1fdd47427354c342908ae92c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.408ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \{e\}}" loading="lazy"></span>, der nur das neutrale Element <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>e</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cd253103f0876afc68ebead27a5aa9867d927467.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.083ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e}" loading="lazy"></span> der Gruppe enthält, ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {N}}(\emptyset )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">N</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∅<!-- ∅ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {N}}(\emptyset )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/40b1edad4a2e7fcebfe209eba6f3f7dc004d9256.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-left: -0.062ex; width:5.308ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {N}}(\emptyset )}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {N}}(G)=G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">N</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {N}}(G)=G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e0113fd5cf31e36551facaa67d063413ab7fb81e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-left: -0.062ex; width:10.898ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {N}}(G)=G}" loading="lazy"></span> selbst ist Normalteiler. Hieraus folgt die Vollständigkeit des Verbandes.</li></ol>
<p>Wie das <a href="Modulares_Gesetz_von_Dedekind" title="Modulares Gesetz von Dedekind">modulare Gesetz von Dedekind</a> zeigt, ist der Normalteilerverband ein <a href="Modularer_Verband" title="Modularer Verband">modularer Unterverband</a> des Untergruppenverbandes. Letzterer ist im Allgemeinen nicht modular, siehe dazu „<a href="Modulare_Gruppe_(M-Gruppe)" title="Modulare Gruppe (M-Gruppe)">Modulare Gruppe (M-Gruppe)</a>“.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Komplementäre_Normalteiler_und_inneres_direktes_Produkt"><span id="Komplement.C3.A4re_Normalteiler_und_inneres_direktes_Produkt"></span>Komplementäre Normalteiler und inneres direktes Produkt <span id="direktes_Produkt"></span></h3></div>
<p>Im Allgemeinen gibt es im Normalteilerverband keine Komplementärobjekte. Hat ein Normalteiler <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>N</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/71b670ae74954b8aacd4d720d9b2b2081f6d3869.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.92ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> jedoch ein Komplementärobjekt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>N</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/597ea9dac049261fdda77c5176b050e6588d6bb9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.92ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>, das heißt, gilt für die Normalteiler <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N_{1}\cap N_{2}=\{e\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>N</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∩<!-- ∩ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>N</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N_{1}\cap N_{2}=\{e\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9ce8d030082b23f2f512a5cd007688d6a2b933ed.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.93ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N_{1}\cap N_{2}=\{e\}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {N}}(N_{1}\cup N_{2})=G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">N</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>N</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∪<!-- ∪ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>N</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {N}}(N_{1}\cup N_{2})=G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4346908f5d05835db408af89c1e0fa7a61facc18.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-left: -0.062ex; width:17.494ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {N}}(N_{1}\cup N_{2})=G}" loading="lazy"></span>, dann ist die Gruppe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span> als (inneres) <a href="Direktes_Produkt" title="Direktes Produkt">direktes Produkt</a> dieser Normalteiler darstellbar: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G\cong N_{1}\times N_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>≅<!-- ≅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>N</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>N</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G\cong N_{1}\times N_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9352800ee74112924c0f2cc34b0b65a1bf7c5c37.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.606ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G\cong N_{1}\times N_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>, das heißt, jedes Gruppenelement <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g\in G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g\in G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b1be73903416a0dd94b8cbc2268ce480810c0e62.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.783ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g\in G}" loading="lazy"></span> hat eine eindeutige Darstellung als Produkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g=n_{1}\cdot n_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g=n_{1}\cdot n_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/41132b5ff2bb57199a8c305c7621f8a8c0d85960.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.791ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g=n_{1}\cdot n_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> von Elementen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{1}\in N_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>N</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{1}\in N_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5678b81e37ea81c9978ece0f1f06ab61c2b1f9c1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.21ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{1}\in N_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{2}\in N_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>N</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{2}\in N_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a0d00947e0098865126a015abe6fe72c818b4474.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.21ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{2}\in N_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Umgekehrt ist jeder Faktor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{j}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{j}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ad5a5486d4dbbf7848a78e57fe33c0fc1123c532.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.841ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{j}}" loading="lazy"></span> eines (äußeren) direkten Produktes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G=H_{1}\times H_{2}\cdots \times H_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G=H_{1}\times H_{2}\cdots \times H_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d1fba8a62064f0aaf2bec848903e5d77e6e39712.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:22.837ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G=H_{1}\times H_{2}\cdots \times H_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> (isomorph zu einem) Normalteiler der Produktgruppe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span> und das Produkt aus den übrigen Faktoren ist isomorph zu einem dazu komplementären Normalteiler.
</p><p>Eine Verallgemeinerung dieser Aussage: Für zwei Normalteiler, die eine triviale Schnittmenge haben, d. h. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N_{1}\cap N_{2}=\{e\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>N</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∩<!-- ∩ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>N</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N_{1}\cap N_{2}=\{e\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9ce8d030082b23f2f512a5cd007688d6a2b933ed.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.93ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N_{1}\cap N_{2}=\{e\}}" loading="lazy"></span>, gilt:
</p>
<ul><li>Ihre Elemente kommutieren untereinander, ohne dass natürlich einer der beiden Normalteiler kommutativ sein müsste:</li></ul>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{1}\cdot n_{2}=n_{2}\cdot n_{1}\quad {\text{falls}}\;n_{1}\in N_{1},\,n_{2}\in N_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>falls</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>N</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>N</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{1}\cdot n_{2}=n_{2}\cdot n_{1}\quad {\text{falls}}\;n_{1}\in N_{1},\,n_{2}\in N_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/36eb42e35ab9ed0c0fb0b8ceb7498072a7ffb2f2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:41.146ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{1}\cdot n_{2}=n_{2}\cdot n_{1}\quad {\text{falls}}\;n_{1}\in N_{1},\,n_{2}\in N_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<ul><li>Ihr Supremum im Verband der Normalteiler stimmt mit ihrem Komplexprodukt überein, das wiederum zu ihrem (äußeren) direkten Produkt isomorph ist:</li></ul>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {N}}(N_{1}\cup N_{2})=N_{1}\cdot N_{2}\cong N_{1}\times N_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">N</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>N</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∪<!-- ∪ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>N</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>N</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>N</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>≅<!-- ≅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>N</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>N</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {N}}(N_{1}\cup N_{2})=N_{1}\cdot N_{2}\cong N_{1}\times N_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c91945bc81f0a76cc11eec54ee3f18e8c5ca9248.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-left: -0.062ex; width:34.967ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {N}}(N_{1}\cup N_{2})=N_{1}\cdot N_{2}\cong N_{1}\times N_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<p>Beide Aussagen treffen im Allgemeinen für Untergruppen, die keine Normalteiler sind, nicht zu. Zum Beispiel schneiden sich in der <a href="Freie_Gruppe" title="Freie Gruppe">freien Gruppe</a> über zwei Elementen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F=\langle a,b\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F=\langle a,b\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f6989a825a47bd84b41b49f1c089bc106a40a307.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.91ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F=\langle a,b\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> die beiden unendlichen zyklischen Untergruppen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A=\langle a\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A=\langle a\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2e49dd5fd1c1d5a434a995f5c85761412b0f6707.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.881ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A=\langle a\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B=\langle b\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>B</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B=\langle b\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/334625a4bb25787d44e6bf1cfa5b71158b45cbbd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.669ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B=\langle b\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> in der Einsgruppe. Die Gruppe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A\times B}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>B</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A\times B}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65f31ae45b0098f06b5d22c38d317eb097a88fa9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.348ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A\times B}" loading="lazy"></span> (äußeres direktes Produkt) ist aber zu keiner Untergruppe von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/545fd099af8541605f7ee55f08225526be88ce57.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.741ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F}" loading="lazy"></span> isomorph. Das Komplexprodukt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A\cdot B}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>B</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A\cdot B}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/75a90e903f21f11a0f4ab3caca1e6943ba7a9849.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.186ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A\cdot B}" loading="lazy"></span> ist keine Untergruppe von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/545fd099af8541605f7ee55f08225526be88ce57.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.741ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F}" loading="lazy"></span>, da z. B. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ab\in A\cdot B}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>B</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ab\in A\cdot B}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/45f9ebe2cbd926d4070dd904694a577973c06987.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.254ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ab\in A\cdot B}" loading="lazy"></span> ist, aber <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (ab)^{2}=abab\not \in A\cdot B}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>b</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>b</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>∉</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>B</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (ab)^{2}=abab\not \in A\cdot B}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f1f7f49b095deb3aff4832e291f495bcb1c65f22.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.671ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (ab)^{2}=abab\not \in A\cdot B}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inneres_semidirektes_Produkt">Inneres semidirektes Produkt <span id="Inneres_semidirektes_Produkt"></span></h3></div>
<p>Ist nur <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span> ein Normalteiler und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/75a9edddcca2f782014371f75dca39d7e13a9c1b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H}" loading="lazy"></span> eine nicht notwendig normale Untergruppe der Gruppe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span> und schneiden sich die beiden in der Einsgruppe, gilt also <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N\cap H=\{e\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>∩<!-- ∩ --></mo>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N\cap H=\{e\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/09ba0cf2b1ad9cdcd117f11c1383959a76ba895c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.217ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N\cap H=\{e\}}" loading="lazy"></span>, dann gilt:
</p>
<ul><li>Das Komplexprodukt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U=N\cdot H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>U</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U=N\cdot H}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ca5226189f297cfda7e8ae4fc9725b476c9aac35.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.687ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U=N\cdot H}" loading="lazy"></span> ist eine (nicht notwendig normale) Untergruppe von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li>
<li>Jedes Element <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u\in U}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>U</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u\in U}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65c3e0203fca1c3b6c1982520132b9f057ed5d88.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.953ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u\in U}" loading="lazy"></span> ist als Produkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u=n\cdot h}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>h</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u=n\cdot h}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/246315faafef5973285bbac884580853531a1025.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.841ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u=n\cdot h}" loading="lazy"></span> von Elementen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n\in N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n\in N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/aedc99ee9cd35f9c34b0f743f8c26b34359ca2fe.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.299ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n\in N}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h\in H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>h</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h\in H}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/675a79e26028d91d97f4e2ce279c314b0f194c1e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.243ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h\in H}" loading="lazy"></span> eindeutig darstellbar.</li>
<li>Natürlich ist der Normalteiler <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span> stets normal in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>U</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/458a728f53b9a0274f059cd695e067c430956025.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.783ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U}" loading="lazy"></span>. Die Untergruppe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H<U}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>H</mi>
<mo><</mo>
<mi>U</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H<U}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1d2f9d6b6a9d7b1bd7a579d7c8b0a4544267092a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.945ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H<U}" loading="lazy"></span> ist genau dann normal in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>U</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/458a728f53b9a0274f059cd695e067c430956025.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.783ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U}" loading="lazy"></span>, wenn die Elemente von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/75a9edddcca2f782014371f75dca39d7e13a9c1b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H}" loading="lazy"></span> untereinander kommutieren (s. o.).</li></ul>
<p>In der beschriebenen Situation (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N\vartriangleleft G,\;H<G,\;N\cap H=\{e\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>⊲<!-- ⊲ --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo><</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>∩<!-- ∩ --></mo>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N\vartriangleleft G,\;H<G,\;N\cap H=\{e\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0c171ca015e910b465a6465ca86f5172c1b785a2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:30.552ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N\vartriangleleft G,\;H<G,\;N\cap H=\{e\}}" loading="lazy"></span>) bezeichnet man das Komplexprodukt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U=N\cdot H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>U</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U=N\cdot H}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ca5226189f297cfda7e8ae4fc9725b476c9aac35.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.687ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U=N\cdot H}" loading="lazy"></span> als (inneres) <a href="Semidirektes_Produkt" title="Semidirektes Produkt">semidirektes Produkt</a> der Untergruppen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/75a9edddcca2f782014371f75dca39d7e13a9c1b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H}" loading="lazy"></span>. Das <i>äußere</i> semidirekte Produkt besteht, wie in dem genannten Artikel ausgeführt, aus dem kartesischen Produkt zweier Gruppen (hier <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/75a9edddcca2f782014371f75dca39d7e13a9c1b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H}" loading="lazy"></span>) zusammen mit einem Homomorphismus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta \colon H\to \operatorname {Aut} (N)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>Aut</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta \colon H\to \operatorname {Aut} (N)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1408f47afa665b7dbcfa320190ad793a91d2b423.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.615ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta \colon H\to \operatorname {Aut} (N)}" loading="lazy"></span> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/75a9edddcca2f782014371f75dca39d7e13a9c1b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H}" loading="lazy"></span> in die Gruppe der Automorphismen von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span>. Das äußere semidirekte Produkt wird dann häufig als <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A=N\rtimes _{\theta }H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<msub>
<mo>⋊<!-- ⋊ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A=N\rtimes _{\theta }H}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d7d4a6e4b8f01d32a571242c829e078743e20d30.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.813ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A=N\rtimes _{\theta }H}" loading="lazy"></span> geschrieben. Von den technischen Details interessiert in unserem Zusammenhang nur, dass durch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6e5ab2664b422d53eb0c7df3b87e1360d75ad9af.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.09ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta }" loading="lazy"></span> die Rechenregel (Relation)
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left(e_{N},h\right)\cdot \left(n,e_{H}\right)=\left(\theta (h)(n),h\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left(e_{N},h\right)\cdot \left(n,e_{H}\right)=\left(\theta (h)(n),h\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3debd157f160de19a97e4dc5f0f2bb43d04b014e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:30.373ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left(e_{N},h\right)\cdot \left(n,e_{H}\right)=\left(\theta (h)(n),h\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>auf dem kartesischen Produkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N\times H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N\times H}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b1dc78f604728f09bdfe61422093d47a7760bbac.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.968ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N\times H}" loading="lazy"></span> eingeführt wird. Die Schreibweise <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta (h)(n)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta (h)(n)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/de90df7e679ca3984c2b2a5cc1c7eafbd2280be0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.443ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta (h)(n)}" loading="lazy"></span> bedeutet hier, der Automorphismus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta (h)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta (h)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ad70f9639ebe3c6ac69eeaf539404c49a4ef3658.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.239ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta (h)}" loading="lazy"></span> wird auf <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> angewandt, es gilt hier wie im Folgenden immer <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n\in N,h\in H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n\in N,h\in H}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6c18cd2d0daed597cb6a01262ce989d4571d6fe5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.576ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n\in N,h\in H}" loading="lazy"></span>. Diese Rechenregel ermöglicht es, alle Produkte (durch Durchschieben der Elemente von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/75a9edddcca2f782014371f75dca39d7e13a9c1b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H}" loading="lazy"></span> nach rechts) auf die Standardform <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (n,e_{H})\cdot (e_{N},h)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (n,e_{H})\cdot (e_{N},h)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9056344f97b24395cbad758b14bca8cacabd9d97.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.649ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (n,e_{H})\cdot (e_{N},h)}" loading="lazy"></span> zu bringen. In unserem Fall eines inneren Produkts entspricht dem die Rechenregel
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h\cdot n=h\cdot n\cdot \left(h^{-1}\cdot h\right)=\left(h\cdot n\cdot h^{-1}\right)\cdot h=\theta (h)(n)\cdot h}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>h</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>h</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>h</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>h</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h\cdot n=h\cdot n\cdot \left(h^{-1}\cdot h\right)=\left(h\cdot n\cdot h^{-1}\right)\cdot h=\theta (h)(n)\cdot h}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/37c1b4a98e561e01af4a9b9bcd21e18f8169081b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:53.992ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h\cdot n=h\cdot n\cdot \left(h^{-1}\cdot h\right)=\left(h\cdot n\cdot h^{-1}\right)\cdot h=\theta (h)(n)\cdot h}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>das heißt, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/75a9edddcca2f782014371f75dca39d7e13a9c1b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H}" loading="lazy"></span> operiert auf <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span> durch Konjugation, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta (h)\in \operatorname {Aut} (N)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>Aut</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta (h)\in \operatorname {Aut} (N)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5474860d5106e55bec720642b85aee6c563116f7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.893ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta (h)\in \operatorname {Aut} (N)}" loading="lazy"></span> ist der durch diese Konjugation definierte Automorphismus des Normalteilers <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span>. Im Sinne dieser Überlegungen ist das Komplexprodukt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>U</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/458a728f53b9a0274f059cd695e067c430956025.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.783ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U}" loading="lazy"></span> (hier ein inneres semidirektes Produkt) isomorph zu dem äußeren semidirekten Produkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A=N\rtimes _{\theta }H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<msub>
<mo>⋊<!-- ⋊ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A=N\rtimes _{\theta }H}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d7d4a6e4b8f01d32a571242c829e078743e20d30.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.813ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A=N\rtimes _{\theta }H}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Jedes direkte Produkt ist auch ein spezielles semidirektes, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>U</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/458a728f53b9a0274f059cd695e067c430956025.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.783ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U}" loading="lazy"></span> wie hier beschrieben ist genau dann das (innere) direkte Produkt von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/75a9edddcca2f782014371f75dca39d7e13a9c1b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H}" loading="lazy"></span>, wenn eine der folgenden, paarweise äquivalenten, Bedingungen zutrifft:
</p>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H\vartriangleleft U}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>H</mi>
<mo>⊲<!-- ⊲ --></mo>
<mi>U</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H\vartriangleleft U}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ebb9ee88c71b71ccf3fec58a22cb61b886402efb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.945ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H\vartriangleleft U}" loading="lazy"></span> (auch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/75a9edddcca2f782014371f75dca39d7e13a9c1b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H}" loading="lazy"></span> ist ein Normalteiler des Produkts).</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \forall n\in N\,\forall h\in H\colon \;nh=hn}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∀<!-- ∀ --></mi>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∀<!-- ∀ --></mi>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>h</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \forall n\in N\,\forall h\in H\colon \;nh=hn}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/12b80e6648e4e81a1b43d75b24d1029b70dc9fa2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:25.759ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \forall n\in N\,\forall h\in H\colon \;nh=hn}" loading="lazy"></span> (Elemente der beiden Faktorgruppen können in Produkten untereinander vertauscht werden, ohne dass sich der Wert des Produkts ändert).</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \forall h\in H\colon \;\theta (h)=\operatorname {Id} _{N}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∀<!-- ∀ --></mi>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>Id</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \forall h\in H\colon \;\theta (h)=\operatorname {Id} _{N}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1d698c24359a126a1e4c6eab4b9409573e9c00a8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.376ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \forall h\in H\colon \;\theta (h)=\operatorname {Id} _{N}}" loading="lazy"></span> (Konjugation mit Elementen aus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/75a9edddcca2f782014371f75dca39d7e13a9c1b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H}" loading="lazy"></span> lässt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span> punktweise fest).</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Reihe_(Gruppentheorie)" title="Reihe (Gruppentheorie)">Reihe (Gruppentheorie)</a>, gewisse Ketten von Normalteilern</li>
<li><a href="Aufl%C3%B6sbare_Gruppe" title="Auflösbare Gruppe">Auflösbare Gruppen</a> und <a href="Nilpotente_Gruppe" title="Nilpotente Gruppe">nilpotente Gruppen</a>, Gruppen mit speziellen Reihen</li>
<li><a href="Vollinvariante_Untergruppe" title="Vollinvariante Untergruppe">Vollinvariante Untergruppe</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">⇒<!-- ⇒ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Rightarrow }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/469b737d167b9b28a74e27c7f5e35b5ea9256100.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.324ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow }" loading="lazy"></span> <a href="Charakteristische_Untergruppe" title="Charakteristische Untergruppe">charakteristische Untergruppe</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">⇒<!-- ⇒ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Rightarrow }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/469b737d167b9b28a74e27c7f5e35b5ea9256100.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.324ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow }" loading="lazy"></span> Normalteiler <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">⇒<!-- ⇒ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Rightarrow }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/469b737d167b9b28a74e27c7f5e35b5ea9256100.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.324ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow }" loading="lazy"></span> <a href="Subnormalteiler" title="Subnormalteiler">Subnormalteiler</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">⇒<!-- ⇒ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Rightarrow }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/469b737d167b9b28a74e27c7f5e35b5ea9256100.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.324ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow }" loading="lazy"></span> <a href="Untergruppe" title="Untergruppe">Untergruppe</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>Thomas W. Hungerford: <i>Algebra. Chapter 5: Normality, Quotient Groups, and Homomorphisms.</i> Springer-Verlag, 1989, ISBN 0-387-90518-9.</li>
<li>O. A. Ivanova: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Normal subgroup</cite>. In: <a href="Michiel_Hazewinkel" title="Michiel Hazewinkel">Michiel Hazewinkel</a> (Hrsg.): <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic"><a href="Encyclopedia_of_Mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of Mathematics">Encyclopedia of Mathematics</a></cite>. Springer-Verlag und <a href="European_Mathematical_Society" title="European Mathematical Society">EMS</a> Press, Berlin 2002, ISBN 1-55608-010-7 (englisch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopediaofmath.org/wiki/normal_subgroup">encyclopediaofmath.org</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Normalteiler&rft.atitle=Normal+subgroup&rft.au=O.+A.+Ivanova&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Mathematics&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1556080107&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag+und+EMS+Press" style="display:none"> </span></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise_und_Anmerkungen">Einzelnachweise und Anmerkungen</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-nichtLeererDurchschnitt-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nichtLeererDurchschnitt_1-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nichtLeererDurchschnitt_1-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Gibt es nämlich zu jedem <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle l\in G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle l\in G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e54e5f3d41eb17920dcf154799a6eafb13b51db8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.361ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle l\in G}" loading="lazy"></span> ein <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{l}\in G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>l</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{l}\in G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c7241cb641f30f3b7d8a1efe0b12326f0a86e689.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.439ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{l}\in G}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle lN=Nr_{l}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>l</mi>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>l</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle lN=Nr_{l}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bce543bfae5ba9424efe38d83bd6d61ecff318c0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.69ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle lN=Nr_{l}}" loading="lazy"></span>, dann ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle l\in lN=Nr_{l}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>l</mi>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>l</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle l\in lN=Nr_{l}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a9aa57bc1ced4c3c4d060c4031f7852001ab131b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.224ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle l\in lN=Nr_{l}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Also gibt es ein <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{l}\in N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>l</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{l}\in N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/81ec9ca88af6a3fc01cf8be0711cc5f561d7a915.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.021ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{l}\in N}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle l=n_{l}r_{l}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>l</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>l</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle l=n_{l}r_{l}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1ecbd1478e6eb6e99e9eb49bc2c2add38a45858c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.68ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle l=n_{l}r_{l}}" loading="lazy"></span>, und es ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Nl=Nn_{l}r_{l}=Nr_{l}=lN}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<msub>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>l</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>l</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>l</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>l</mi>
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Nl=Nn_{l}r_{l}=Nr_{l}=lN}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6452c99f76d06bc5b71d86982c3d274f0562ec94.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:24.596ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Nl=Nn_{l}r_{l}=Nr_{l}=lN}" loading="lazy"></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zur Notation <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N\backslash G=\{Ng\mid g\in G\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
<mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">∖<!-- ∖ --></mi>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>∣<!-- ∣ --></mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N\backslash G=\{Ng\mid g\in G\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a990e95605f8822b1db37452df41cf155d71357a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:21.376ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N\backslash G=\{Ng\mid g\in G\}}" loading="lazy"></span> siehe <a href="Gruppentheorie#Nebenklassen" title="Gruppentheorie">Gruppentheorie#Nebenklassen</a>.<br>Das Zeichen "<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle =}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>=</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle =}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/505a4ceef454c69dffd23792c84b90f488543743.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: 0.307ex; margin-bottom: -0.478ex; width:1.808ex; height:1.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle =}" loading="lazy"></span>" in "<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G/N=N\backslash G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">∖<!-- ∖ --></mi>
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G/N=N\backslash G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/162111b34f8f475dd0bfc6e84478fe5015e05709.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.204ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G/N=N\backslash G}" loading="lazy"></span>" bedeutet Mengengleichheit (und niemals Isomorphie). Dann ist die Aussage <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G/N=N\backslash G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">∖<!-- ∖ --></mi>
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G/N=N\backslash G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/162111b34f8f475dd0bfc6e84478fe5015e05709.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.204ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G/N=N\backslash G}" loading="lazy"></span> gleichwertig zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G/N\subseteq N\backslash G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>⊆<!-- ⊆ --></mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">∖<!-- ∖ --></mi>
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G/N\subseteq N\backslash G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e591b457a17ba495f182e3c014246c7b6be1ecdb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.204ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G/N\subseteq N\backslash G}" loading="lazy"></span> (4.!) geschnitten mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G/N\supseteq N\backslash G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>⊇<!-- ⊇ --></mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">∖<!-- ∖ --></mi>
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G/N\supseteq N\backslash G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4a19a8e3677c81793b9fcd56578fc307d851c88c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.204ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G/N\supseteq N\backslash G}" loading="lazy"></span> (5.!). Tatsächlich sind 4. und 5. aber schon einzeln äquivalent zur Normalteilereigenschaft.</span>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><span class="noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wiktionary"></span></span></span><b><a href="https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/Normalteiler" class="extiw external" title="wikt:Normalteiler">Wiktionary: Normalteiler</a></b> – Bedeutungserklärungen, Wortherkunft, Synonyme, Übersetzungen</div>
<ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathepedia.de/Normalteiler.html">Normalteiler</a></i> auf Mathepedia</li>
<li><a href="Eric_Weisstein" title="Eric Weisstein">Eric W. Weisstein</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathworld.wolfram.com/NormalSubgroup.html"><i>Normal Subgroup</i>.</a> In: <i><a href="MathWorld" title="MathWorld">MathWorld</a></i> (englisch).</li>
<li>Robert Ash: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webs.ucm.es/BUCM/mat/doc8358.pdf">Group Fundamentals.</a></i> (PDF; 2,8 MB). In: <i>Abstract Algebra. The Basic Graduate Year</i> (englisch).</li></ul></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
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